Soil and Water Protection Essay Example for Free

Soil and Water Protection EssaySoil contamination or dominion pollution is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural taint environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals, or improper disposal of waste. The most common chemicals manifold argon petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (such(prenominal) as naphthalene and benzo (a) pyrene), solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals. Contamination is correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensity of chemical usage.The concern over priming coat contamination stems primarily from health risks, from direct suffer with the contaminated soil, vapors from the contaminants, and from secondary contamination of water supplies within and underlying the soil. The master(prenominal) threats to soils are appendage of urbanization, acidification, accumulation of pollutants, nitrate in groundwater, loss of organ ic matter and deteriorating soil bodily structure, soil compaction, and erosion. The latter is especially important in southern EC countries.Differences in the approaches adopted by different countries reflect differences in the nature and perceived seriousness of soil problems and the nature of the legislatory system. In particular, differences in the approaches of the Netherlands and the UK are discussed. The concept of soil prize is discussed in relation to these two approaches. Suggestions are given for an ecologically based soil apology policy. This paper discusses current soil protection policies and their development in the EC, and the evolution of the associated concept of soil quality.It does not deal in any detail with the restoration of soils which have been degraded by the insufficiency of past policies or their implementation. Emphasis is given to northern EC countries because they have been especially active in the development of policies which protect land and soi ls. Some soil degradation processes are natural phenomena but they are exacerbated by all kinds of unsustainable human uses. Let us consider the main soil degradation processes in the European Union. Erosion Water erosion affects 115 zillion hectares (ha) of soil, and wind erosion 42 jillion ha.The Mediterranean region is the most modify, but there is clear evidence that other parts of the 25 Member States (EU-25) to a fault suffer significantly from this phenomenon. It is made worse by inappropriate farming techniques. organic matter subside Some 45% of soils in Europe have low or genuinely low organic matter content. This is the case in particular in the South of Europe, but also in parts of France, the United Kingdom, Germany and Sweden. Organic matter is both an important soil constituent and the main source of food and energy for soil organisms. It is therefore of the basis for soil fertility.It also plays a of import role in the structure of soil. Soil organisms feed on organic matter. Organic matter decline therefore leads to loss of soil biodiversity. Again, inappropriate agricultural practices accelerate this decline. Compaction This is deterioration of the soil structure by mechanical pressure. It is made worse by excessive stocking rates (the density of animals grazing in a given surface) and the inappropriate use of heavy machinery. Salinisation there is build-up of salt in some 3. 8 million ha of Europes soils. The regions most affected are Campania in Italy, the Ebro Valley in Spain, and the Great Alfold in Hungary.Stalinization is made worse by inappropriate irrigation and changes in vegetation. Landslides Landslides occur most a great deal in areas with highly erodible soils, clayey sub-soil, steep slopes, intense and abundant precipitation and land abandonment, such as in the Alpine and Mediterranean regions. To date, there is no data on the total area affected in the EU. Although they are natural phenomena, they are made worse by cert ain human activities. Landslides even out an increasing threat due to population growth, summer and winter tourism, and intensive land use.Contamination preferably industrialization and poor management practices have left a legacy of thousands of contaminated sites in Europe. There are an estimated 3. 5 million potentially contaminated sites in the whole of the Union, of which about 0. 5 million are expected to be actually contaminated and in need of remediation. Contaminants may accumulate to such an extent that they hamper soil functions. They may pollute groundwater and surface water and thus threaten beverage water supplies and aquatic ecosystems. Sealing The permanent covering of soil (e. g. with roads or concrete) is the only lettered threat to soil.It affects 9% of the area of the EU and is made worse by urban and industrial digress and transport networks. It disrupts gas, water and energy flows and leads to irreversible loss of fertile soil. Several of these threats are exacerbated by the personal effects of climate change, which causes increases in temperature and extreme weather events. If some of these threats are combined, they may ultimately lead to desertification, which is principally the result of different soil degradation processes partially associated with arid or sub-arid climatic conditions. The costs of soil degradation in the European Union are estimated at some 38 billion from each one year.