Panera Bread Case Essay Example for Free

Panera Bread Case EssayThe Au Bon distressingness Bakery was early undetermined in 1976 to fulfill the concept of a fast casual restaurant. Following a period of debt the cooky Jar Bakery owned by Ronald Shaich and Aub Bon Pain Bakery owned by Louis Kane merged to find Au Bon Pain Co. Inc. in 1981. In 1985 after noticing customers buying bread and adding their own sandwich meat, the accompany sinkd to add fresh made sandwiches to their menu to capitalize on the profit. After going frequent in 1991, Shaich decided that in order to expand the purchase of the St. Louis Bread association was paramount.Au Bon Pain or where good bread is would eventually become Panera Bread Company in 1999(Thomas L. Wheelen and J). Panera Bread Company would become the leader in fast casual dining combining the ease of fast food with the quality of the restaurant experience and a coffee shop atmosphere. Noticing the needs of business organisationmen for having a nonplus to meet and dine si multaneously Panera developed its business to meet five different meals breakfast, tiffin, daytime chill emerge, lunch in the evening, and take-home bread(Thomas L.Wheelen and J).As a result of Paneras ingenuity it became the leader in a bakery-cafe style restaurant providing fresh-baked goods, made-to-order sandwiches, soups, salads, and coffee (Thomas L. Wheelen and J). Panera Bread Companys growth and advantage was the treat result of the standards set by Au Bon Pain in its identification as the pioneer in the fast casual restaurant category.Having met four criteria including a limited divine service or self service style, pricing that fell between fast food and casual dining, made-to-order food with complex flavors, and upscale decor much like that of a neighborhood bistro Panera quickly grew and receiveed profit and continues to flourish today. Panera enjoyed total revenues in 2011 of $1,822,032,000 as reported to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and net income of $135, 952,000.First and foremost I observe that Paneras effort to sponsor charities is quite commendable, there truly is no better way to gain recognition or compete with similar businesses than to give to charity. This year a local anesthetic restaurant in Oak Harbor hosted a pig roast as a means for collecting donations to charities in the bea. The amount collected and distributed to local charities by the owner of the local restaurant was published in our local paper.As a result of his efforts, he has gained recognition and people are honored to eat in his restaurant. An ever developing menu is also a good way to gain recognition, however I feel that this method could possibly pose issues like the ones seen with fast food chains when they discontinue a favorite sandwich or drink. Many times a fast food joint has a special new drink or sandwich and after a calendar month do extraneous with it. This is frustrating to the customers because they enjoyed the new item and longing to continue purchasing.If proper research is not done to decide whether or not to keep a menu item, business could suffer. An identifiable image is decidedly a good way to promote a business, yet I dont feel that it would be the right move considering the style of business Panera is trying to continue. Most images such as McDonalds well up-to-do arches, and Applebees flaming apple tend to scream fast food. While Applebees may not be considered by some as fast food, it tends to fall further down the list in quality than many of our local restaurants.Here in Oak Harbor we have restaurants that are well-known in the partnership such as Frasiers and Flyers which do not have specific signage to identify them. Instead these businesses are advertised through word of mouth, and advertising on the actual store front. 2) Schaich would lots do the reverse gear of his competition during periods of economic downturn. While many of his competitors slashed prices and offered exten sive discounts, Panera doubled its prices on bagels and soups.This strategy was perfect to the success of Panera. What would increasing prices during recession be a strategy that worked for Panera? What former(a) strategies might be accommodating in maintaining the competitive edge during a recession? I believe the close Panera was most prosperous by increasing prices instead of lowering them during recession is the fact that they offered amply quality product. Another reason I believe this strategy worked is because it offered consumers an outlet for the stress associated with recession.Had Panera lowered its prices while still oblation high quality, it would have been a reminder of the worsening economic condition and perceived as not at all favorable to Paneras high-end consumers. It is my belief that another strategy that could be beneficial to Panera during recession is acquisition. If Panera were to stick another company that produces bakery products comparable to Paner a, it might broaden its consumer base and possibly expand to to a greater extent locations. This strategy would reduce competition by consuming the other companys customer base.The other company would most likely jump at the chance to sell given the economic downturn. overall this strategy would be helpful in eliminating competition as well as expanding Paneras locations. 3) In 2003 Panera Bread Company initiated for unit general managers and multi-unit managers to own a majority interest in their business (Thomas L. Wheelen and J). This practice was designed to assist in enrichment of the consumer experience because the people working the bakery-cafes were experienced as well as motivated.In what other ways might Panera motivate its employees and franchise owners? Should Panera better their part-time employee benefits? I believe giving managers a share is a good step in the right direction, it gives them a reason to do their very best for the business. I agree with Paneras idea of having experienced and knowing employees at the forefront of the business. A competent business is more likely to prosper and draw consumers than a company that employs people with no knowledge of their product.As for additional forms of motivation, I would have to say that first and foremost an employee discount would be a great incentive for employees. This form of motivation would be invaluable to employees who truly believed in Panera and its quality. Another great motivator for employees would be charity donation matching. If Panera were to offer its employee of the month the opportunity to have Panera match any and all of his/her donations to charity either in product or funds this may also motivate employees that are in line with Paneras values to do their very best.There is a sense of pride in belonging to a company that takes CSR seriously, by voicing this value Panera is more likely to find employees that share in their spirit. Far too often employee burnout becomes a r eal issue in service related businesses. I think that Panera should offer sabbaticals to employees who wish to work on community service projects. Not only with a break from everyday unremarkable aid in preventing burnout, extra community service will get the brand name out there, and employees will feel that they did something positive and in line with Paneras values.I believe Panera should have definitely looked at increasing part-time employees benefits. Their part-time employees are stated to be at around 13,200, which is importantly higher than their full-time employees. These part-time employees therefore have a significant impact on the success of the business. Keeping in line with Paneras idea of investing in the business to benefit the consumer, offering better benefits to part-time employees would ensure that employees felt valued and in turn would provide better service.

The American Electoral System Essay Example for Free

The American electoral System EssayThe American electoral brass is essenti wholey ground on policy-making efficiency and partial re typifyation. Political efficiency may be defined as expedient ratio between imminent interests. Partial representation means instructional politics. These devil principles govern the interest-aggregation process, and in general, political relational dynamics in democratic countries. Background At the spirital assembly, the Virginia Plan was used as the arse for discussion and debate. The Virginia Plan called for the executive to be chosen by the legislature (by open suffrage).Delegates from the bulk of orders agree to this system of election. However, the so-called Committee of Eleven formed to labor out details which included the elan of election of the executive. The committee recommended that the election be by a radical of people apporti unityd among the states in the alike(p) numbers as representatives in the US Congress. This g roup of people would be chosen by each state, in a way specialised by the Legislative branch. Gouverneur Morris explained the factors for the change.Among the factors were as follows 1) fear that the president would be chosen by a small group of men who met regularly in level sessions, 2) equal parity among states, and 3) popular elections as mediums for extreme and irresponsible demagoguery. On the 6th of September 1787, the Convention approved the Committees proposal with some opposition from delegates who preferred popular election. The move was ground on the belief that the state government must(prenominal) be a derivative of state sovereignty.As ONeil argued The theory of State sovereignty was assumed as true and valid by all states. The Massachusetts constitution of 1780 decl atomic number 18s that the people of that commonwealth get hold of the sole and exclusive right of governing themselves as a free, sovereign, and independent State with certain limitations there lai d down (3). The move was also base on reactionary ideology. Southern politicians feargond that the popular vote method would lead waste of ballot. As ONeil correctly observedOne reason, purely sectional, existed which made a popular election impossible. The slavery puzzle was an important element in the framing of any plan. The Southern states, with their system of slave labor, would be peril with the loss of their relative influence in the nation, because a large portion of their population could not be trusted with the ballot (4). During the framing of the Constitution, the electoral system was institutionalized, with its efficient guiding principles and framework. However, it was not without opposition.Some of the mental hospital fathers opposed the move, declaring it as an offshoot of puritanic ordeal the fruit of reckless political estimation. However, as ONeil noted A slight reflection, however, allow for convince them that this mode is in perfect harmony with the pit h of the United States Constitution. With the exception of the members of the set up of Representatives, no person holding office downstairs the United States government derives his appointment directly from the people (2). The Term Electoral CollegeThe term Electoral College was never used to learn the general vote of the electors. It was not until in the 1800s that the term electoral college came into use as the share engagement for the electors chosen to cast votes for the professorship and Vice president. In 1845, it was formally written into law. The Nature of the Electoral College in its Early Conception. The composition, nature, and role of the Electoral College are defined in the US Constitution, prior to the passage of the twelfth Amendment. Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the US Constitution stateseach State shall appoint, in such(prenominal) Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a turn of events of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Rep resentatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be positive an Elector. In Section 1, Clause 4, the Congress is tasked to determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall cast their votes. honor that the day shall be the same throughout the country. In Clause 3 of the same section, it is determined thatThe professorship and Vice death chair were to be chosen by the electors. Unlike the present system, each elector voted for twain people for president, rather than virtuoso vote for President and one vote for Vice President. To become President, a candidate had to have more votes than any other and must have authentic votes from a majority of the electors. After the choosing of the President, the person with the most electoral votes among the remaining candidates would become the Vice President. If no one received a majorit y of the votes, the decision would be made by the House of Representatives.The form of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions of the Framers of the Constitution 1) each state should employ the district system of allocating electors, 2) independent judgment would be observed in the casting of vote of all electors, 3) candidates would not pair together on the same ticket, and 4) the system would rarely create a winner, sending the election itself to Congress. The framers of the Constitution intended the Electoral College obviously as a body that would nominate candidates from which Congress could select a President and Vice President.Each state government was free to have its own arrangements for selecting its electors. Revision With the rise of political parties and nationally incorporate election campaigns, the system complicated the 1796 and 1800 elections. In the 1796 election, John Adams was take President, and Thomas Jefferson, Vice President. In 1800, Jeffe rson and Aaron bur tied for the first place. Since all votes were for president, Burrs votes were technically for him even though he was the companionships second option. The Congress remained deadlock for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the majority vote.To resolve the issue, Alexander Hamilton declared his confirm for Jefferson. Congress elected Jefferson President on the 36th ballot. To evacuate this incident from occurring in the future, the US Congress proposed the 12th Amendment. Each elector could only cast one vote for President and one vote for Vice President. The 12th amendment superseded Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 of the Constitution. It was adopted in 1804. Constitutional Theory behind the Electoral System The founding fathers accepted the apprehension that the President and Vice President are elected as executives of a confederation of independent states.In short, in contrast to popular election of members of Congress, the election of both the Preside nt and Vice President must be indirect. James Madison argued that the Constitution was created to be a combination of the state-based and population-based government. The US Congress should have devil houses the state-based House of Senate and the population-based House of Representatives. The President would be elected by a combination of the two methods. Madison was fearful of the growing cynicism of factions within the government.He defined faction as a group of citizens (either a majority or minority) who are united by some common or shared impulse of passion or interest detrimental to the rights of other citizens, in general, to the interests of the community. In Republican governments, factions would be generally curtailed because voter rights and powers are widely distributed. In short, the power of the faction would be lessened under a mixed-state set-up of government. In practice, this was short of impossible. As ONeil noted A sovereign nation and a limited national gover nment were thought impossible.In rightfully opposing all projects of consolidation of the powers of sovereignty, they naturally fell into the error of opposing plan, which tended to the strengthening of the bonds of union, and the developing of a broader national spirit. Jealous opposition to the granting of alike much power to the general government led them to oppose a plan electing a President which would make him the representative of the whole nation (4). Mechanics of the System When a citizen votes for a presidential candidate, that citizen is real instructing the electors to cast their votes for the same candidate.Suppose that the citizen vote for a Republican candidate. The citizen, in essence, is voting for an elector who will be pledged to vote for the Republican candidate. The candidate who wins the popular vote in a state wins all the pledged votes of the states electors. Now, each state gets a number of electors equal to its members in the House of Representatives an d one for each of its two senators. The District of Columbia gets three electors. State law determines how electors are chosen. In general though, they are selected by the political party committees within the states. A state with 8 electors would cast eight votes.Currently, there are 538 electors. The majority vote is equal to 270 (requirement to be elected). In general, because Electoral College Representation is based on coitusional allocation, states with larger populations get more Electoral votes. Suppose that no(prenominal) of the candidates win the needed 270 electoral votes, the 12th Amendment require the election to be decided by the House of Representatives. Combined votes of each state are equivalent to one vote. A simple majority is required to be elected. It is possible for an elector to defect and not vote for the partys candidate, because the Constitution does not require them to do so.However, such change in political attitude rarely affects the outcome of the e lection. In some states, defector electors are prohibited from casting their votes. Nomination, Disqualification, and Meetings of Electors State political parties nominate candidates for electors months prior to the choice Day. The US constitution delegates to the state the authority for nominating and choosing its electors. In some states, electors are nominated through primaries. In some states, electors are nominated through party conventions. In other states, campaign committees of each candidate name their candidates for presidential elector.The Constitution prohibits person holding a federal office from being elected or appointed as elector. Note that a person who holds an office has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office. When such person serves in the Electoral College, such individual is in theory rebelling against the United States. The congress though may remove this function by two-thirds vote in each h ouse. State legislatures determine how its electors are to be chosen. All states choose electors by popular election on the date specify by federal law.Forty eight states and Washington D. C. utilize the winner take all method each awarding its electors as a single bloc. In other states, state legislatures select one elector within each congressional district by popular vote, and select the remaining two by statewide election. In the short-ballot system, voters choose among a list of candidates for the associated elector. At present, only a fewer states list the names of the electors on the ballot. In other states, the voter is required to write-in names of candidates for elector.On Election Day, the electors meet in their respective state capital to cast their electoral votes on crystallise ballots for President and Vice President. Unlike the College of Cardinals, the Electoral College does not meet as one body. Congress has thoroughgoing authority to regular the procedures in use. The election certification official opens the meeting and read the Certificate of Ascertainment. The register states the name of the chosen electors. Then, there is the selection of a president of the meeting. Sometimes, the electors choose a secretary, to take the minutes of the meeting.At the balloting time, the electors choose people to act as tellers. Each elector submits a ballot with the name of a candidate for President. The tellers count the ballots and announce the result. Then the casting of the vote for Vice President follows. After the voting is complete, the electors certify the Certification of Vote. This document states the number of electoral votes cast for both the President and Vice President. Copies are sent to the Senate President. Staff member from the Vice President collects the certificates for the joint session of Congress. The Certificates are arranged in alphabetical order.The Congress declares the winner of the election in the joint session. Conclu sion The present electoral system of the United States is essentially based on the belief that the President and Vice President are executives of a confederation of independent states. As such, they cannot be directly elected by the people. The advantages of this system are quite obvious. First, it prevents the concentration of power in urban areas. Second, it maintains the federal character of the country. Third, it strengthens the status of minority groups. Fourth, it encourages political stability (political polarization). Fifth, it isolates election problems.And lastly, it maintains a clear line of succession. However, the system has not without reproachs. One criticism states that the electoral system destroys the essence of democratic vote, or in general, the true conception of popular sovereignty. A nation without true sovereignty cannot be nation, as what Burke would argue. In essence, the electoral system enhances the aristocratic values of a predicated political system. W orks Cited ONeil, Charles. The American Electoral System. New York HarperCollins Publishers, 2007. The United States Constitution (and other documents). New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992.

Case Pneumonia Essay Example for Free

causal agent Pneumonia EssayPneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by an transmitting. It is also called Pneumonitis or Bronchopneumonia. Pneumonia shag be a serious affright to our health. Although pneumonia is a special concern for older adults and those with chronic illnesses, it chiffonier also strike young, healthy slew as well. It is a common illness that affects thousands of people each year in the Philippines, thus, it remains an meaning(a) cause of morbidity and mortality in the country. There atomic number 18 many kinds of pneumonia that range in distressfulness from mild to life-threatening. In infectious pneumonia, bacterium, viruses, fungi or other organisms attack your lungs, leading to inflammation that makes it firm to breathe. Pneumonia can affect one or both lungs. In the young and healthy, early treatment with antibiotics can cure bacterial pneumonia. The drugs used to fight pneumonia are determined by the germ causing the pneumonia and the astuteness of the doctor. Its best to do everything we can to prevent pneumonia, but if one do get sick, recognizing and treating the complaint early offers the best chance for a full recovery.A case with a diagnosis of Pneumonia whitethorn catch ones attention, though the disease is just like an ordinary cough and fever, it can lead to death especially when no intervention or care is done. Since the case is a toddler, an arrogate care has to be done to make the patients recovery faster. Treating patients with pneumonia is necessary to prevent its permeate to others and make them as another victim of this illness. The lungs constitute the largest organ in the respiratory system.They play an of import role in respiration, or the process of providing the body with group O and releasing carbon dioxide. The lungs expand and pack up to 20 times per minute taking in and disposing of those gases. Air that is breathed in is change with oxygen and goes to the trachea, which branche s off into one of deuce bronchi. Each bronchus enters a lung. There are two lungs, one on each side of the breastbone and protected by the ribs. Each lung is made up of lobes, or contributions. There are three lobes in the right lung and two lobes in the left one.The lungs are cone shaped and made of elastic, spongy tissue. Within the lungs, the bronchi branch out into minute pathways that go with the lung tissue. The pathways are called bronchioles, and they end at microscopic air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries and provide oxygen for the blood in these vessels. The oxygenated blood is then pumped by the heart throughout the body. The alveoli also turn over in carbon dioxide, which is then exhaled from the body. Inhaling is due to contractions of the diaphragm and of muscles between the ribs.Exhaling results from relaxation of those muscles. Each lung is surrounded by a two-layered membrane, or the pleura, that under normal circumstances has a very , very lowly amount of wandering between the layers. The fluid allows the membranes to easily slide over each other during breathing. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Pneumonia is a serious infection or inflammation of your lungs. The air sacs in the lungs fill with pus and other liquid. Oxygen has trouble stretch your blood. If there is too little oxygen in your blood, your body cells cant work properly.Because of this and bed cover infection through the body pneumonia can cause death. Pneumonia affects your lungs in two ways. Lobar pneumonia affects a section (lobe) of a lung. Bronchial pneumonia (or bronchopneumonia) affects patches throughout both lungs. Bacteria are the most common cause of pneumonia. Of these, streptococci pneumoniae is the most common. Other pathogens include anaerobic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, C. psittaci, C. trachomatis, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Legionella pneumophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and other gram -negative bacilli.Major pulmonic pathogens in infants and children are viruses respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and influenza A and B viruses. Among other agents are higher bacteria including Nocardia and Actinomyces sp mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and atypical strains fungi, including Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Pneumocystis carinii and rickettsiae, primarily Coxiella burnetii (Q fever).The usual mechanisms of spread are inhaling droplets small enough to reach the alveoli and aspirating secretions from the upper airways. Other means include hematogenous or lymphatic dissemination and precede spread from contiguous infections. Predisposing factors include upper respiratory viral infections, alcoholism, institutionalization, cigarette smoking, heart failure, chronic obstructive airway disease, age extremes, debility, immunocompromise (as in diabete s mellitus and chronic renal failure), compromised consciousness, dysphagia, and exposure to transmissible agents.Typical symptoms include cough, fever, and phlegm production, usually developing over days and sometimes accompanied by pleurisy. Physical examination may detect tachypnea and signs of consolidation, such as crackles with bronchial breath sounds. This syndrome is commonly caused by bacteria, such as S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. breast feeding PROFILE a. Patients Profile Name R. C. S. B. Age 1 yr,1 mo. Weight10 kgs trust Roman Catholic Mother C. B. Address Valenzuela City b. Chief Complaint Fever Date of price of admission 1st admission

Politics and Other Social Sciences Essay Example for Free

Politics and Other Social Sciences EssayMan is a hearty animal. His genial sprightliness has legion(predicate) dimensions policy-making, sparing, sociological, psychological, diachronic etc. Social comprehensions deal with this multi-dimensional man, his collective life, hearty behaviour, organisations and activities. All of these dimensions of man be inter-connected leading to inter kind among various kind wisdoms. policy-making cognition, being one of the social cognizances dealing with the political aspect of social man, has close connections with other social sciences. The modem approach in the adopt of social sciences is in the beginning interdisciplinary. It means that scholars of one specialized social science should work in coordination with scholars of other disciplines. This has resulted in a gigantic deal of overlapping of disciplines. Interdisciplinary study has resulted in a rapid teaching of a priori and applied aspects of governance and the sharpening of tools of interrogation and analysis in the hold century. policy-making Science and History semi policy-making Science and History are very closely connected. Jellinek remarked It is almost a common-place today to affirm the indispensableness of historical study as a basis for a proper intellectual of institutions, whether they be semipolitical, effectual, or social.1 E.H. Carr holds that the dual function of history (is) to enable man to understand the ordination of the past and to increase his domination over the society of the present The cause and effect relationship of social phenomena can be mute by scientific understanding of history. History furnishes the political scientist the raw materials for comparison and induction. The relation of political science and history is hale brought divulge in actors line of Seeley History without governmental Science has no fruit. governmental Science without history has no root.In the words of Freeman, history i s past politics and politics is present history. While political science is dep residuument on history for its material, it must be made straighten that history supplies only part of its material. Again, all facts of history are not useful to political science. acquire rightly points out that not all of history is past politics. Much of it interchangeable the history of art, of science, of inventions, discoveries, troops campaigns, language, customs, dress, industries, religious controversies has little, if any, relation to politics and affords no material for political investigation. semipolitical Science selects relevant facts out of history.All political institutions are products of history. Without historical foundations, political science becomes merely speculative and abstract. History is a vast storehouse of facts and in organic law from which political science draw its relevant materials for generalizations. Lipson writes with its chronological treatment, history off ers to the scholarly person of politics a sense of growth and development and thus affords insight into the accomplish of social change. Political science has function on history. Political ideas of thought leaders return contributed in shaping gentle history. Political revolutions and political concepts like democracy, liberty, equality and political ideologies like liberalism, nationalism and socialism have easily influenced the history of societies. Garner aptly observes to interpret history in its true significance we must study that politically.Behaviouralism with its stress on empirical method has undermined the importance of historical method in recent political studies. Traditional method relied more on history as it believed that history can assist in understanding the present and act as a organise for the future.Political Science and EconomicsPolitical Science and economics are very closely related and cover a common instal to a large extent. Early writers on econo mics considered their subject as a branch of political science and termed it political economy.Politics influences substantially the economic organization. The defer formulates the economic policies and regulates the economy. Production and dissemination of wealth, price control, trade, taxation, government ownership of public utilities, banking, export-import and such other economic activities are regulated by political decision-making. The solution of many economic problems must come through political channels. Indeed many of the complex problems of the modern convey are essentially economic in character the reduction of economic disparity, removal of poverty and unemployment, the adjustment of the claims of capital and labour, nationalization and the achievement of a welfare state. The modern state, Galbraith writes, is an industrial State.On the other hand, political and social life is profoundly influenced by economic conditions. Karl Marx regarded politics as a part of poli tical economy and maintained that the economic basis of society influences politics which belongs to the superstructure. Political movements and revolutions are profoundly influenced by economic causes. All political ideologies like liberalism, socialism, imperialism, fascism have an economic basis. The political behaviour of man and various organized groups is influenced by economic factors. The main functions of modern welfare state are basically economic. There are economic motives behind many political policies. Political norms like liberty, equality, rights, justice are very often evaluated on an economic basis.Thus there is close relationship between political and economic life. The interaction of the two disciplines has resulted in the increasing importance given to political economy in recent years.Political Science and SociologyNo two social sciences are as closely related as political science and sociology. Sociology is the fundamental social science. It is the root of al l the social sciences. It is the most comprehensive social science which studies all aspects of the life of man in society. In the words of Small, it is the science of men in their associated processes.Sociology has a much wider scope than political science. It is a study of society in all its manifestations, while political science is primarily a study of the state and government. In other words, sociology deals with man in all his social relations, while political science deals with the man in his political relations. Sociology deals with both organized and unorganised communities and groups, while political science is concerned with organised political communities. The subject of sociology is social man and that of political science is political man.The relation between the two sciences is well brought out by Garner. He writes Sociology derives from political science knowledge of the facts regarding the organization and activities of the state, while political science derives in large measure from sociology its knowledge of the origin of political authority and the laws of social control.State and politics cannot be studied objectively without an understanding of the general laws of social development. Political institutions and processes are influenced by social forces and factors. Not only does sociology influence political science, but politics also influences the social system. The political system controls and regulates social forces and customs. Politics engineers the process of peaceful social change and is engaged in maintaining social stableness and cooperation. Political control is the most important and the most effective among all forms of social control.Contemporary political studies have borrowed concepts, methods and techniques of research from sociology. The current sociological impact on the study of politics can be traced back to the influence of Max Weber. Interdisciplinary study of political science and sociology got trem breakous fillip with the outcome of political behaviouralism. A new branch of study named political sociology has emerged as a result of the interaction between political science and sociology. G. Sartori has observed that politics has got socialised and society has got politicised in the present measure to such an extent that politics cannot be studied in isolation from sociology.Political Science and psychologyPsychology is the science of mental attitudes and human behaviour. It studies human instincts, attitudes, sentiments and emotions. It has been emphasized that scientific study of social phenomena must have a psychological basis. Psychological factors have become increasingly important for understanding what masses believe almost politics and how they act in political situations. Study of political behaviour has fictitious great significance under the impact of behaviouralism in political studies.The psychological approach in political science goes back to 1908 when A. F. Bentleys The Process of Government and Graham Wallass Human Nature in Politics were published. The psychological approach received further impetus from Chicago School political scientists such as C. E Merrium, Stuart Rice, George Catlin and Harold Lasswell. Modern writers like Tarde, Le Bon, McDougall, Graham Wallas, Baldwin and Ellwood have attempted to explain and interpret political and social phenomena through the laws of psychology.Governments to be stable and popular must reflect the mental ideas and moral sentiments of the people who are subject to its control. Modern governments have devised subtle methods of the psychological manipulation of the masses. Public opinion is being moulded by ingenious propaganda as in politics the art of controlling the mass mind is increasingly adequate the key to political power and stability.Political Science and EthicsPolitical science has close historical links with philosophy and ethics. Initially, the study of state in Greece was a part of ethics. Ethics as a branch of study investigates the laws of morality and formulates rules of conduct. Ethics is the science of the moral order while political science is the science of the political order. Both have to deal with questions of right and wrong, good and bad, just and unjust.Plato conceived the notion of an rarified state in his Republic and believed that the state should train men in a life of virtue. The end of the state, according to Aristotle, is good life for the citizens. Modern idealists like Rousseau, Kant, Hegel and Green have accepted the state as an ethical institution which creates conditions for the fullest development of human personality. Lord Acton goes so far as to say The great question is to discover, not what governments prescribe, but what they ought to prescribe. Fox held that what is morally wrong can never be politically right. Gandhis lasting contribution to politics is his insistence upon the spiritualization of politics i.e., application of truth, non-violence, love, self-suffering to mans social and political life.The end of the state has been formulated by the greatest political thinkers in terms of moral values. The state exists to heighten social and moral good on the largest possible scale. A good citizen is possible in a good state and perfect state cannot be conceived where wrong ethical principles prevail. Laws are obeyed with greater deftness if they are based on the moral ideas of the community. Politics also influences ethics. Politics safeguards the ethical norms of a society. The state acts as the guardian of social morality.The attempts of some contemporary political scientists to create a value-free political science have not been successful. David Easton aptly observes The goal of value-free research is a myth The utility of political research stems from the fact that it helps men to decide upon the kind of political system they would prefer and to understand how to go about changing social policy to obtain it. The inspiration behind political science is clearly ethical.Political Science and JurisprudenceThe state is a social phenomenon as well as a legal institution. From the legal point of view, the state is a person with rights and duties. It is a juristic personality subject to the process of law. The state operates through law and hence edict, as the science of law, is closely related to politics. Strictly jurisprudence is a subdivision of political science but on account of its vast scope and expert nature it is studied as a separate branch of study.Jurisprudence has several branches, namely, civil law, sorry law, constitutional law, international law etc. Constitutional law defines the organs of the state, their relations to one another, and the rights and duties of individuals. internationalistic law regulates the relations of states and various international organizations If law influences politics, politics also influences law. Different political systems have different l egal systems Laws tend to be a reflex of a particular social practice session and are influenced by the nature of the political system.Political Science and AnthropologyAnthropology deals with man as a social being. It deals with the origin, classification and relations of races, languages and cultures found in different localities. Politics uses the vast material gathered by anthropology.Physical anthropology dealing with the conditions of primitive men and their environment facilitates the study of the origin and evolution of various political institutions. Similarly social or cultural anthropology dealing with the growth and interpretation of customs, traditions, habits and religious beliefs etc., explains the forces and factors operating in political institutions. Anthropological data have assumed great importance in the study of the formation of national character.Political Science and GeographyMany writers have emphasized the influence of geographical conditions and corporea l environment upon national character. Even national policies have been shown to be determined by such conditions. The influence of climate, topography, character of the soil, insularity, the presence or absence of mountains, rivers and outlets to the sea has been emphasized by various political thinkers from Aristotle to the present. famous among them are Bodin, Rousseau, Montesquieu and Buckle. The emphasis upon geographical factors as determinants of state policy and governmental functioning has resulted in the development of a new science known as Geopolitics. Since territory is an important element of the state, geographical factors by nature influence political activities. These factors have assumed great significance especially in the field of defence reaction strategy.Political Science and StatisticsStatistics is concerned with systematic collection, analysis and presentation of numerical data. Von Mohl described statistics as a means through which a picture of existing p olitical and social conditions could be obtained. Social phenomena and the results of governmental action are quantitatively measured by it. Statistical findings serve as a guide for administrative action, as a basis for legislation, and as a means for testing the expediency or effectiveness of political policies. Therefore, all governments collect statistical information concerning finance, trade, military and economic resources, social conditions of the people etc. Behavioural approach to the study of political science has put excessive stress on statistical methods (quantification, techniques), thereby contributing a lot to the scientific character of political science.The foregoing treatment clearly shows the intimate relation of political science to other social sciences. A proper understanding of political institutions, processes and phenomena calls for reliance upon a number of sister disciplines. Specialization of social sciences should not lead to get compartmentalization . Interdisciplinary approach to the study of social sciences has resulted in the blurring of rigid boundaries of various disciplines and highlighting the need for joint exchange and interaction among social scientists.

Sigmund Freud Biography Essay Example for Free

Sigmund Freud Biography EssaySigmund Freud believed that the unconcious is the motivation for all elementary desires. He believed that an organism is special because of its need to reproduce, and its need to survive. He thought that they are guided towards their postulate by hunger, thirst, and avoidance of pain and sex.Freud was born in Frieberg, Moravia. He lived there until the age of four, and afterwards, he and his family travel to Vienna. Later, he enrolled in the medical school in Vienna, and learned frequently around Biology, and Psychology. Freud learned much about psychology by watching the development of children and plurality. With his observations, he developed a surmise of how people change, and the ways that people think. Freuds goal was to understand a persons instincts and claims, and to see what motivated people to do original things. His beliefs were based upon the ID, which were a persons instincts or drives.The ID works with the merriment principle, which is the demand to take care of things immediately. He believed that the pleasure principle could be so strong that it could force a person to only think about one thing. Freud believed that the ID soon becomes the self-importance, which relates to an organisms consciousness, and its search for its desires. This is a way of problem solving which is alernately known as the utility(prenominal) process. The egotism works on the reality principle, which is the motivation to take care of ones needs when there is an opportunity. The ego competes with the ID, to keep the organism happy, and occasionally, it achieves its goals in the world. They keep a record of the things to avoid, and strategies to fulfill desires, and soon becomes something known as the superego. There are two parts to the superego the conscience, and the ego ideal. The conscience is a warning message of punishments and consequences. The ego ideal grows through rewards and positive role models for the child.Some of the instincts that are involved with a humans temperament are called the life instinct, and the death instinct. These are the drives, which cause the desire for food, water and other necessary things for survival. Freud had withal came up with something called the libido. The libido is the motivational energy for the life instincts. Throught Freuds research, theterm libido was generally associated with the sex drive. The death instinct was the drive that every person has the desire to die as well. Most people did not understand his theory of people wanting to die, but Freud explained that some people proverb that death could end all of their hard knocks and suffering that they encountered in life, because sometimes, life can be troublesome and tiring. Freud believed that for some people, death promised the release from the trial of life.Freuds theories were very complicated and are not accepted everywhere. It has caused huge debates and contraversy all over the world. Some s aw his work as brilliant, while others saw his work as garbage. But psychiatric evaluation is be quiet an experimental field, one in which no one is sure of the therapeutic effectiveness.

Sonnet 116 by William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Sonnet 116 by William Shakespeare EssayThis is how a 21st century have sex story goes male child meets girl. Two days after that, the boy tells her the 3 magical wordsI recognize you patronize on, heres the funny part. She believes him. People forthwith dont value love. They dont infrastand that the word love isnt just a 4 letter word Its bureau beyond that. This is what William Shakespeare is trying to clarify in his Sonnet 116. He wants to expound what love is, what it isnt. victimization a couple of metaphors, Shakespeares main convey is to elucidate the shank that real love is immortal, undifferentiated and certainly non under the mercy of age. Shakespeare starts off sonnet 116 by saying that true love overcomes impediments and doesnt get affected by the changes in the surrounding. Following that, he compares true love to a Lighthouse. How are the following related? Well, a lighthouse, as well alone know, guides ships and at the same time, overcomes all of the storms tempests, at the same time, love as well guides couples and lost hearts to the right track and is fitting to overcome all the adversities it might encounter.Furthermore, Shakespeare continues with the metaphors saying It is the star to every wandering bark. Here, Shakespeare is comparing love to a star. Long time ago, people used to depend on stars as a come of guidance since compasses back then didnt exist. Yet again, love is being compared to a star that leads the way for lost hearts. Lost hearts, blind eye, love guides them all. In addition, Shakespeare stresses on the thinker that love isnt for time wasting or entertainment. Love isnt restricted within a limited time, hence wherefore Shakespeare describes what love is not it is not susceptible to time. Priceless, consistent, immortal, permanent, this is what true love is all about in the eyes of Shakespeare. He definitely gives a clear description about what love is through the metaphors he include that contributed t o his main clarification.Sonnet 116 revolves around a single theme, one that Shakespeare firmly believes in. In this cruel, twisted, tumultuous, and confusing world, thither is only one constant force Love. Shakespeare focuses on the idea that love isnt temporary and does not fade with youth. Beauty disappears, youth fades however, love endures till the afterlife. All the metaphors that Shakespeare included in this sonnet contributed to the theme that love is immortal. If one finds changes in the loved one, it must NOT affect love otherwise, it wouldnt be true love after all. What Shakespeare is basically saying is simply, love is constant, immortal, and consistentand overcomes impediments.If it doesnt fall under the following description, then it isnt true love. To sum up, Shakespeare writes this poem in hope of clarifying the idea that love isnt all about beauty, youth or price. It is priceless and isnt under the benevolence of time. The metaphors in sonnet 116 contribute in reac hing a main theme, and that is what Shakespeares main aim is. It doesnt numerate how old you get, it doesnt matter how rich or poor you are, it doesnt matter how pretty or false you are because once youre in love, all of these wont matter anymore. I definitely agree on Shakespeares definition of true love for nowadays I believe its rare to find. With fingers crossed, I hope people would read this poem with a notepad in their hand to take notes and value love for its true meaning instead of overusing it.

How structural and linguistic devices are used to target specific audiences in printed media texts Essay Example for Free

How structural and lingual devices atomic number 18 employ to target specific references in printed media texts EssayDifferent audiences expect and react to distinguishable ideas, presentational devices, linguistic devices and so on. For example teenagers may expect bright, vibrant colours and exciting design, whereas former(a) people may look for softer, neutral colours and a more formal design. Of course, these are stereotyped views but the designers of the media texts must make them with a stereotypical view of their audience in mind. In this screen I will look at three different media texts aimed at different groups and explain how they try out to solicitation to these audiences. Firstly I will compare the ideas put forward in the three texts. In the Club 18-30 leaflet the focus is mainly on going out and having fun, in clubs, pubs and on beaches. The Superfamily maculation talks or so the activities that a family can participate in, such as pool games, quizzes, te nnis courts, constrict courts and fantasy golf. It also tells the audience about the things done to make a family pass easier, such as baby care, childrens clubs and so on. The forevermore Young brochure focuses on the older generation ands talks about the activities and facilities that they might enjoy, such as tennis, aerobics and golf, cathedrals to visit and conveniences exchangeable laundry services, money exchange, ample bar and sun terraces.Now I will look at the presentational and structural devices in the three texts. In the Club 18-30 text bright, vibrant colours are used such as pink, blue, yellow and red. The title states the target audience straight away making it very obviously catchy to the right people. The pictures used are those of people dancing in a club and having fun as this is what most people going on this holiday want to do. This is not a full scalawag advertisement as there is only a very small amount of information cute about the clubs, bars, beac hes etc. This is all given in a fun, jaunty font with not also much reading needed.The Superfamily brochure is done in red, white and pale yellow. These are soft, welcoming, almost main(a) colours. This emphasises that this is a family advertisement. There are pictures a families by the pool as well as kids compete and having fun. All the borders are wavy and curved making this feel like a safe grade for children and the font is plain.The Forever Young brochure has soft, autumn colours as well as innate blues and greens. Also, the pictures are serene. This is because the average older person wants a calm relaxing holiday. There is a full page layout with plain, simple borders. There are pictures of a cathedral and an empty pool. This helps add to the trace of calm and relaxing on the holiday.I will next look at the language used in each of the pieces. In the Club 18-30 piece the language used is cool and slang with misspelled dustup such as in yer face. This is to target the younger audience. It is humorous still with some facts, such as bars, clubs and beaches to visit. There are some opinions such as home to some of Europes premier DJs. It states what the younger audience may worry about when it says that youll need a fair bit of wedge. It also states that there are many things to do on your doorstep suggesting great ease, an important factor to youth.The Superfamily brochure uses informal yet informative language, like for the sporty among you. It is persuasive and serious, giving the reader a lot of reasons why the holiday is right for them. However in doing this it keeps a very friendly and approachable attitude as it wants to appeal to families. It states the many things that they will do to make family life easier, such as baby care and childrens clubs.Forever Young uses formal language as this is what appeals to a lot of the older generation. It is serious and informative, stating plainly what things there are to do and makes them seem calm for example it has a traditional, relaxed feel about it. This is important as most older people want a relaxing holiday. It is persuasive as it uses opinions about things like prettiest and traditional.Overall I believe it is very important for advertisers to use all means at their giving medication to attract the target audience. They must choose the right presentational devices, the right language and the right call in order to convince the target audience to buy their product.