Macbeth Analysis Scene Essay Example for Free

Macbeth Analysis Scene Essay ?Macbeth Analyse- 2. a How does Shakespeare make the extract below from Act 2 Scene 2 dramatic and interesting? â€Å"Quenched them, hath given me fire. † Shakespeare’s using opposites and oxymoronic use of language (paradox) therefore making a contrast of Lady Macbeth’s phrase. He has also showed a comparison of guilt between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth because Lady Macbeth obviously shows that she is not guilty for what she has done but Macbeth does. Again, Shakespeare uses oxymoronic use of language for when Lady Macbeth is speaking; â€Å"live, or die,† and he also makes the last words dramatic, adding tension and seriousness towards what Lady Macbeth is saying. Another way to make the scene interesting and dramatic is adding conflict. Shakespeare does this when Lady Macbeth is saying how she can’t kill Duncan: â€Å"Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done’t. † Lady Macbeth is in conflict with herself because she wants to kill Duncan herself but she can’t because he looks too much like her father, meaning that she has a sentimental heart. Shakespeare uses changes in language in this extract because with the arrival of Macbeth and him holding the bloody daggers, the syntax breaks down suggesting confusion and panic. The theme of Macbeth is death, betrayal and things of that sort. The line â€Å"live, or die,† (what Lady Macbeth says) supports the fact that death is a theme of the story and this scene. Also when Lady Macbeth says: â€Å"that which hath made them drunk,† She orally reminds us of her association with the witches in the heath by using the homonym â€Å"which†. When Lady Macbeth says: â€Å"The fatal bellman which gives the stern’st good-night,† Shakespeare is trying to make us realise that when you are asleep you appear to be dead – you look dead – but Duncan will never wake up, because he is actually dead. Shakespeare uses objective correlative use of language when he writes, â€Å"it was the owl that shrieked,† because owls are nocturnal animals and are associated with darkness and full moons and things of that sort. And all these things suggest evil and mysteriousness. Action is also a way Shakespeare makes the scene seem interesting and dramatic. An example is: â€Å"I have done the deed. † Macbeth is telling Lady Macbeth that he has killed Duncan and Shakespeare has made his phrase mono-syllabic, making every word have an impact on what Macbeth has done. To make the scene more interesting and dramatic Shakespeare has showed Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s relationship in different ways. For example, â€Å"Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done’t,† this shows that Lady Macbeth has a soft side and that she didn’t have the courage to kill Duncan because he resembled her father. So this is linking with her relationship with Duncan and Macbeth because she wanted to kill Duncan but she couldn’t because of the resemblance and it shows she is not as powerful in her relationship with Macbeth. â€Å"Hark! I laid their daggers ready; he could not miss ‘em,† also shows she carefully planned the plot showing she is in control of her relationship with Macbeth. And she also manipulated and controlled Macbeth into killing Duncan because she physically wasn’t able to; showing her power over Macbeth and their relationship. Also keep in mind that she doesn’t even have Macbeth’s best interests at heart. Shakespeare is uses pretence, â€Å"I am afraid they have awaked My husband? † meaning Lady Macbeth knows inside that she is scared but she always gives off the impression that she is evil so maybe she is not as powerful as she thinks she is concerning her relationship with Macbeth. She also shows she wants comfort from Macbeth which shows the closeness of their relationship and her vulnerability. â€Å"I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry. Did you not speak,† this is an example of how Shakespeare uses questions to make the scene more interesting because Lady Macbeth sounds panicked and she uses alliteration to add more drama to what she’s saying.

Definitions of Words Relating to Colonial America :: American History Puritans War Essays

Definitions of Words Relating to Colonial America 1.Iroquois Confederacy— confederation of five indigenous North American peoples, or nations, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca; founded c.1570. 2.Powhatan Confederacy— a group of 30 Native American tribes of the Eastern Woodlands. 3.Raleigh, Sir Walter— 1554-1618, English soldier, explorer, courtier, and man of letters. He conceived and organized the colonizing expeditions to America that ended tragically with the lost colony on Roanoke Island, VA with Christopher Marlowe and George Chapman. 4.Roanoke Island— 12 mi (19 km) long and 3 mi (4.8 km) wide, off the NE coast of North Carolina between Albemarle and Pimlico sounds, site of the earliest English colony in North America. The first colonists, sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh landed in Aug. 1585 but returned to England in 1586. A second group, arriving in 1587, disappeared by the time additional supplies were brought from England in 1591. Artifacts from the lost colony are displayed in Fort Raleigh National Historic Site on the island. 5.Virginia Company— name of two English colonization companies chartered by King James I in 1606. One founded on the Plymouth Colony; the other, latter known as the London Company, founded colonies in the South, notably Jamestown, VA. 6.Jamestown— former village, SE Va., first permanent English settlement in America; est. May 14, 1607, by the London Company on a peninsula (now an island) in the James R.; named for the reigning English king, James I. 7.Royal Colony— In 1691 a new royal charter was granted for the colony of Massachusetts, which incorporated the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket Island, Maine, and Nova Scotia. Under the charter a popular assembly was established to aid the royal governor, and the right to elect representatives to the assembly was based on property qualifications, rather than on church membership. The royal charter ended control of Massachusetts government by Puritan religious leaders. 8.Puritans— ‘Followers' of Puritanism, a movement for reform in the Church of England that had a profound influence on the social, political, ethical, and theological ideas in England and America. In America the early New England settlements were Puritan in origin and theocratic in nature. The spirit of Puritanism long persisted there, and the idea of congregational democratic government was carried into the political life of the state as one source of modern democracy. 9.Plymouth Colony— settled by the Pilgrims in Massachusetts in 1620. The settlers had difficulty surviving early hardships, although a treaty with neighboring tribes assured peace for 50 years.

Does rap and rock music cause increased violent or promiscuous behavior Essay

Rock and rap music have been perceived by some people to be the cause of increased violent and other anti-social behavior especially to the young people. Some argue that such perception is an overstatement as there are many other factors inbuilt in human beings that precipitate their misbehaviors. Crime in society is caused by a wide variety of factors. According to Michael Moore an Oscar award winner and author of Bowling for Columbine, the system has been organized in a manner that it attracts and perpetuates crime in the society. The US has a record of so many deaths due to gun use. Extensive fear is imposed on the masses. To Moore, the current killings are not due to poverty, unemployment or diversity in ethnicity. The mass media can be blamed for the situation. It is responsible for instilling in the people’s mind that violence is appropriate. Development of a gun culture is also to blame for the increase killings. It is very easy to access and own a gun in US. The system has enabled extensive gun ownership on the grounds of self-defense. (Moore M, 2002) However, this viewpoint is contradictory as other countries have easy access and ownership of guns but they do not experience the rates of killings that the US faces. The blame could be put on action movies, rock stars with their music and video games but other societies have this too. Rock artists like Marilyn Manson do not agree that music is to blame for increased deaths. Marilyn is blamed on the increased violence especially in schools. Though the music does not actually cause the death per ser it instills hostility in the children minds as it could be misinterpreted. Parents are failing in their role to raise responsible children. It is irresponsible to delegate the guidance role to the media. Guidance ought to be given to such children so that they can rationally sieve what is right from what is wrong from the media. Inequalities between the rich and the poor is a clear problem in the US where by more concerns are raised when the impact is on the rich. It creates the impression that poor is worthless and deserves no respect. Proponents of rap music argue that rap music does not in any circumstance command or direct people to choose violence. Liability to distinguish what is false or fiction from reality would lead to more youths being engaged in crime or other anti-social behavior. People should be rational enough to see the effects of their behavior on the society at large. (Moore M, 2002) Some rap music portrays women as the weaker sex and they are viewed as prostitutes to be used as sexual objects. Some artists can be bad influence though not all. The generalization that all rock or rap music causes criminal activities is an understatement as some sing on values and morals that are needed for good citizenship. Rap music can encourage promiscuous behavior especially because most artists use vulgar language on sensitive issues and they also portray nude women. Some teenagers may identify themselves with the women in such movies or videos resulting to increased promiscuity. Women in such movies who are depicted as whores do so to earn their living and they cannot be crucified for that. Respective government ought to work hard to improve their system to accommodate more people in the job market. (Wingwood et al, 551) The youthful generation is thrilled by the entertainment sector. Music influences behavior regardless the age gender or ethnicity. Greater impact is on those with little or no determined values. Some rappers are considered â€Å"cool† and are consequently very influential on attitudes on fashion, sex and violence. Poor children or youngsters from the minority groups lack proper role models as they grow up. They may turn to music for values determination and identification. Parents should install morals on their children so that the music has no space for that. Homes that are not well organized contribute to change in internalizing morals. Bad company at school and the teenagers exposed to vulgar information are more likely to engage in sexual activities at an earlier stage. However this viewpoint is counteracted by the argument that those who allow music to form their reasoning were initially affected. This is to say that rap music would add ‘promiscuous’ behavior to those already in that capacity. (Anderson A et al, 90) Rock music has since a long time ago been associated with the youth and antisocial behavior like rebellion. It was initially meant to create more awareness in the society. Rock and roll was feared to promote aggression, bigotry deviant sexual behavior, homicide and drug use. Rap music has its roots in the African music and hence viewed as rising to fit their appropriate needs or to raise their needs. Rap music has been blamed for not only degrading women but also for the increased sexual behavior among youngsters. This has other effects like unwanted pregnancies and spread of diseases. Increased sexual behavior could be due to the words used in the songs as well as the obscene pictures. Men are portrayed as sexually insatiable and sex is seen as inconsequential. Teenagers may act on the messages communicated, as they are very specific on the sex roles. Girls repeatedly exposed to these songs are likely to take submissive roles and allow the disrespectful treatment from their partners. Boys are likely to internalize the portrayed roles of exploiting girls and consider such acts as normal. (Stephens D & Few L, 251) Censorship would be inappropriate for the young adults but parents should offer guidance to their children as a step to install morals. Listening to their side of story so that the communication is 2-way would help them better understand the content of such music and thus enable them react accordingly. Although allowing the African America musicians to have a voice was a way of accepting and respecting the views of a minority race, the content of their songs was alarming and raised much attention. Exposure to these songs before children are of age will have detrimental effects on the children. (Hayes G, 12) According to a research by Ralph J.  Diclementle, PHD of Emory University School of public health, girls who listened to rap music or watched rap videos were more likely to indulge in anti-social behavior. (Fox R, 2) Many teenagers are attracted to hip hop and rap music especially from artists like Kanye west, Snoop Dogg and Timbaland. The hip hop music is attractive due to its beats and catchy rhythms. Rap music consists of more rhymes and poetry. Hip hop is more attractive because the beats are attractive. Most of the teenagers are attracted by the beats and the fact that it is danceable. The lyrics are also quite catchy. Rap music can have positive effects on the listeners for instance it can cause a creative mindset and incorporate different styles and trends. Rock music is popular to people of all ages. Its beats, lyrics and tones attract a number of people. Many parents disregard hip hop music and link it with discrimination against women, bad influence and violence. However many parents accommodate rock music because they are familiar with it as most of them grew up with it. Rock music is not as danceable as hip hop and most people sing it along or listen to it. Hard rock is loud and preferred mostly by the young people while many due to its softness prefer soft rock. Rappers are accused of not producing quality music since they do not emphasize on information or educative music. They instead of clearing the stereotype reinforce it by their music for instance Notorious BIG’s song that he is ‘considered a fool because he dropped out of high school’ others claim to ‘drop out of school for the big wallets’. They offer confusing information to the young generations who may think that there is an easy way of life. This could precipitate violence when such people become over ambitious but lack the means to attain their goals. However not all rap artists discard education, some like J- Live who was previously a teacher knows the value of education and instills it to his listeners through his music. Unlike BIG, J-live tells the young to ‘load their brains’. (Johnson J et al, 30) Some rap music can be beneficial. It teaches people using real life experience. This way people can be able to learn from other people’s mistakes or good deeds and hence respond accordingly. Some rap artists warn on the effects of drug use while insisting on the advantages of hard work. This instills on the teenager or youths the importance of hard work. It can be inspirational as it tells of never quitting regardless of the tough times a head. Gangster rap portrays the way of life in the urban nature, which is at times violent. It tries to impose that to survive in this kind of environment people need to consider their own self interests which at times entails taking the law in their hands. Money and power are portrayed as basis for respect in society. Gangsta rap praises the evildoer who does not abide to laws or regulation. It results to increased violence because it seems to praise or support crime, drug and killings. (Anderson A et al, 965) The answers to whether rap music affects behavior depend on who is answering it. Supporters of rap like the artists would claim that their music only portrays what is actually happening in the society. However the effect of rap music on behavior is similar to the effects of pornography and video games. Lack of evidence that rap music actually results to violence or promiscuous behavior makes the claim quite weak. These music creates a resigned mode where there seems to be no hope for society due to an adamant attitude towards social change. It could have positive impacts if people thought of what became of their society and what can be done to improve. The rap music containing violence may affect youth’s behavior; it may create a greater acceptance of the use of violence where they embrace it as a way of life or something normal. Rappers advocate for their songs by saying that being silent about what is actually happening in the society does not solve the problem. To them the music is a reflection of the frustration and pain that is faced in the ‘ghetto-life’. Music artists are viewed as heroes and teenagers, yearn to be like them. Some end up committing suicide, homicide on public shootings to prove they can be like their heroes. Research has showed that excessive exposure to sexual activity influences the teen’s perception to sex and this could lead to more indulgence in risky and sexual activities. Music does affect people’s behavior in many ways including the subconscious mind and consequently influences people’s view on the society. Music can be used to alter moods. Just as it is used to encourage or motivate athletes it can increase violence. To the rappers the music reflects, distills and amplifies the social realities at its primary or basic level and then reincorporates it into that reality. To them the outsiders or those away from the ghetto cannot understand them since the do not understand their plight. The society has maintained inequalities that have adverse effects on its people. Teenagers who listen to lots of music especially rap which may consist of degrading sexual messages are more likely to start sex indulgence earlier than their counterparts without such exposure. Rock and rap artists are at times convicted of violence. For instance Snoop Dogg had an incidence with the law enforcement officers due to violence. Since the young people may consider him a hero they may indulge in violent activities to ape him. A research by a Rand Corporation and published by the American Journal of Public Health, found that adolescents who listened more to this music progressed faster into indulging to sexual behavior than those who did not listen to such music. Listening to such music affects all adolescents regardless of their gender or ethnicity. Music therefore plays an important role in the psyche of young adults. (Barongan C & Hall GCN,195) A research also showed that teenage African American girls who were exposed to rap videos or music were more likely to abuse alcohol and engage in promiscuous behavior. Their body image would be negative and the chances of having multiple partners could be higher. Greater awareness and education is needed on the risks involved or associated to the media exposure. Evidence of more African American involved in violent or criminal behavior can be seen in their numbers in prison. Rap artists are disgusting to some when they talk of women degradation when they boast of having enough women at their disposal. The adolescent age is where teenagers are establishing their identity and the kind of music they listen to affects their identity. Peer influence reinforces the trend of music teenagers will be accustomed to. Another aspect that rap music portrays is killing of the police and black-to-black violence where killing-using guns is deemed appropriate. It is considered racist music that tries to fight corruption and discrimination from the dominant white society. The community so created is hopeless and results to drugs violence and promiscuity, which in turn results to teen pregnancy. (Anderson A et al, 85) Several scholars’ doctors and researchers did the study on African American women in 1996-1999 and the effect of music. Girls exposed to rap music were more likely to take drugs, have problems with the law and are prone to sexually transmitted diseases. According to the researchers, girls who were more exposed to rap music were more likely to hit a teacher, get arrested and have sex with multiple partners. Parents’ failure to monitor the teens and the frustrations of lack of job opportunities precipitated the violence further. (Wingwood G & Disclemente L, 433) Sociologists have also established that music affects the health, attitudes and behavior of teenagers. They not only listen to the music but also live it. Music is used to express ideas or narrate stories. On average teens listen to music approximately 40 hours in a week. The hours daily provide ample time to change their perception about life. Not all teens understand what the music really means and different teens have varied meanings to the words in such songs. Censoring such music to protect the innocent teenagers would not bear much fruit. This is because it would be faced by much protects on the grounds of hindering or being against the freedom of expression rights. Again, even when the music is not played in the radio stations it is still played elsewhere and thus it is still accessible. Due to peer influence it would be hard to monitor and prohibit what one’s children listen to. An appropriate measure would be to explain the consequences of what the music is all about and engage the children in critical thinking. For music to have a positive or negative effect on an individual, the individual must have a certain degree of affinity in it. Personal choice forms a critical part in such decision-making. However, the use of visuals reinforces what is heard. Studies show that rap music could affect men’s perception towards women to the extent where after women are raped they could argue that the women provoked the men by way of dressing. A study carried out in a college campus in the U. S where men and women were exposed to rap music both hard and soft that involved questionnaires on their perception to songs that were gender biased. Men were proved to react more to stereotypes after exposure to such music and videos. Women proved to be more accommodating and submissive to the male. Words commonly raised include bitches and whores and this attracts the attention of quite a number of people. Exposure to rap music comprises of violence for instance murder. (Cole J & Gy Shefall, 40) In 2000, the American academy of pediatrics issued a joint statement on the effects of violence through entertainment means on children. It made this conclusion connection between aggressive character and violence in the media. In the studies reports were made from the general office as well as the mental health department that the government should put in place policies that would protect its people, as the media violence would ruin it. (AAPCC, 315) According to Leonard a psychologist the effects of violence of the TV and aggression is cumulative. The effect of rap music leads to aggression in one’s later life. However it is difficult to tell if music actually influences sexual promiscuity, drug use or violent behavior in cases where the teens do not comprehend the meaning of the lyrics.

The Outsiders Focused On How Greasers Were Victims Of...

One of the main ideas of S.E. Hintons book The Outsiders focused on how greasers were â€Å"victims of their environment†, as the story is told through a greaser’s perspective. This means that the greasers have faced many negative forces in their community, and have been seemingly powerless to overcome them. One example that was used to show this was stereotyping. The greasers and Socs were categorized based on where they live, what they look like, how they act, and how much money they have. The plot of the Outsiders mainly revolves around how the greasers are affected by social, emotional, and economical events and how these events have made them who they are. This then affects how they become â€Å"victims of their environment†. However, I believe that the Socs were, in their own way, victims of their environment as well. Hinton’s novel portrays the Socs as extremely wealthy and stuck up kids who have everything they could need or want. Their parents don’t spend quality time with them and instead sort of buy them off. They are raised with no boundaries so they spend most of their time picking on the lower class people (Hinton 136). By this the author explains how the Socs home environment affects their personality and their outlook on life. A good example of this is Bob, who was a popular and recognizable Soc with a tough gang and a reputation of being merciless and very feared. In the plot line Bob was the antithesis, he beat up Johnny and Ponyboy, treats his girlfriend CherryShow MoreRelatedThe Outsiders Analysis1215 Words   |  5 PagesFord Coppola’s â€Å"The Outsiders† (1983) is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by E.Hinton published in 1967. There are many theories that can be found throughout the movie, victim precipitation theory, differential associati on theory, strain theory and labeling theory are the most prevalent. The story takes place in Tulsa, Oklahoma and revolves around the story of a 14 year old Greaser named Ponyboy Curtis. The town is split into two conflicting adolescent groups, the Greasers and the Socs. The

To What Extent Does Modern Liberalism Depart from...

The classical liberal ideology emerged as a result of the Enlightenment period, which brought about new philosophies, challenging the existing assumptions about the nature of humankind and society. Modern liberalism developed around 1870 as a result of both philosophical and practical changes, including mass industrialisation. Classical liberals argue that modern liberalism has broken the principles of doctrines central to liberal thought whilst modern liberals claim that they are simply adapting and building on classical liberalist ideas. This essay will discuss the extent to which modern liberalism departs from classical liberalisms by analysing approaches to the size of the state, democracy and the concept of freedom and aims to justify†¦show more content†¦This suggests that whilst there is a considerable difference in attitudes between modern and classical liberals, some parallels can be drawn between them. Moreover, one way in which modern liberalism has departed from the ideas of classical liberalism is the extent to which the state should involve itself in the lives of the individual. Classical liberals, in particular John Stuart Mill, emphasised a minimal state and believed that an interfering state would impede upon the private lives of individuals. Yet modern liberals fully supported an enabling state; Beveridge believed that citizens should be protected by the state s from ‘the cradle to the grave.’ This implies that, unlike classical liberals, modern liberals supported a government which is fully involved in the lives of individuals and would therefore support policies such as benefits and the national health service. However, classical liberals, notably Samuel Smiles, thought that people should take responsibility for their own welfare because the individual is the guardian of their own prosperity and therefore state intervention is dangerous. This contradicts the belief of modern liberals, who believed that a state should be established in order to help people to help themselves. Although, it could be argued that modern liberalism does not depart significantly from the ideas of classical liberalism with regards to the size of the state. This is because both forms f the ideology work towards the same aim;Show MoreRelatedAn Essay on Social Contract Theory3139 Words   |  13 Pages(1689) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) are the most famous philosophers of contractarianism, which is the theoretical groundwork of democracy. 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Essay on The Use of Laughter in Poetry by Langston Hughes

The Use of Laughter in Poetry by Langston Hughes Jessie Fauset explains in her essay The Gift of Laughter that black comedy developed not as a method for blacks to make people laugh, but as a necessary emotional outlet for black people to express their struggles and hardships. The funny man took on a much more serious emotion than appeared on the surface level. Comedy was one of the few means black people had available to them to express themselves. The paradoxical definition of laughter is applicable to all human beings; the limited means of expression is unique to those in an inferior place in society, such as the black Americans of the Harlem Renaissance. In a sense, what makes the struggles represented by the black†¦show more content†¦Many of Langston Hughess poems contain references to laughter. Jessie Fausets essay describing the double meaning of laughter helps the reader to understand the complex nature of Hughess use of laughter in his poems. The Jester and Minstrel Man are two of the more obvious poems tha t deal with the complex meaning of laughter. The Minstrel Man discusses the same role of the funny man that Fauset describes in her essay. The white audience sees a black comedian laughing on stage but does not look past the laughter to see the hurt and pain of the black community: You do not think I suffer after I have held my pain So long? (lines 5-8) The white audience is unable to or refuses to look beyond the comic side of laughter to find the reality that, as Fauset describes, the funny man is really a character with a definite plot in a rather loosely constructed but none the less well outlined story (162). There is a sad story to tell but the only way to tell it is through comedy. The story is sad because, as stated in the last lines of the poem You do not know / I die? the white audience sees a happy, dancing man on stage but cannot see what oppression has done to his soul (lines 15-16). 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Biochemistry - Effect of Temp. on Catalase Activity free essay sample

Qualitative Observations:8 2. 2 Processing Data9 Statistical Processing Calculations9 2. 3 Presenting Processed Data10 Results Table10 3 Conclusion and Evaluation11 3. 1 Conclusion11 Conclusion Statement11 Conclusion Explanation11 3. 2 Evaluation Procedures:11 Reliability11 Errors/Limitations in Experimental procedure11 Significance12 3. 3 Improving the Investigations12 Suggestions for Improvements12 Appendix13 References13 Journal14 1 Design 1. 1 Defining the problem Research Question This lab will be driven by the research question; do changes in temperature (from 0? C, 7? C, 21? C, 37? C, and 90? C) have an effect on the activity of the enzyme catalase (found in beef liver) in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide? Hypothesis If liver is placed in different temperatures of 0? C, 7? C, 21? C, 37? C, and 90? C and hydrogen peroxide is added to each piece of liver, then the liver placed in 37? C will have the largest reaction height. The liver in 90? C will have the smallest reaction height, followed by the liver in 0? C, then 7? C, and then 21? C. Background Information Pearson Baccalaureate: Standard Level Biology Developed Specifically for the IB Diploma defines enzymes as â€Å"protein molecules which act as catalysts for reactions. As catalysts, the real function of enzymes is to lower the activation energy of the reactions that they catalyze† (166). Enzymes are proteins; therefore the liver has a particularly high concentration of catalase. When hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is added to liver, catalase catalyzes a reaction in which the hydrogen peroxide is broken down into oxygen gas (O2) and liquid water (H2O). Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic chemical that is produced as a byproduct of many normal cellular reactions, so it is crucial that catalase in the liver breaks the hydrogen peroxide down into the two harmless substances of oxygen gas and liquid water. The hydrogen peroxide must be quickly degraded or converted, and catalase accomplishes this task because one molecule of catalase can deal with six million molecules of hydrogen peroxide in one minute. Enzymes and the temperature of their environment are particularly important to the human body because â€Å"Many of the reactions which represent the digestive process would need far higher temperatures than we are able to maintain safely if enzymes were not involved† (166). The prediction in the hypothesis is based on the concept of denaturation. As Pearson Baccalaureate: Standard Level Biology Developed Specifically for the IB Diploma states, â€Å"Reactions which use enzymes do have an upper limit. That limit is based on the temperature at which the enzyme (as a protein) begins to lose its three-dimensional shape due to intramolecular bonds being stressed and broken. When an enzyme loses it shape, including the shape of the active site, it is said to be denatured† (75). Due to denaturation, the liver placed in 100? C will have the smallest reaction height because at this temperature catalase will begin to denature. Because â€Å"reactions with or without enzymes will increase their reaction rate as temperature (and thus molecular motion) increases†, the liver placed in 0? C, 7? C, and 21? C will have small reaction heights, but the heights will increase as temperature increases (75). The liver placed in 37? C will have the greatest reaction height because â€Å"human catalase works at an optimum temperature of 37? C, which is approximately the temperature of the human body†. Although this lab is using beef liver instead of a human liver, the optimum temperature for beef liver should be similar to that of humans. The predictive graph on the previous page represents how as the temperature of beef liver originally increases, the height of the reaction increases as well due to an increase in molecular collisions. At a certain temperature, the catalase will reach its optimum temperature and have the greatest height of reaction. However, as the temperature continues to increase the enzyme will begin to lose its shape and denature, so the height of the reaction will decrease. This lab will be using beef liver, which contains the specific enzyme catalase, and by placing the liver into different temperatures it will be assessed how catalase performs under certain conditions. After the liver has been placed in different temperatures, hydrogen peroxide will be added to each piece of liver, and by measuring the height of the chemical reaction it will be determined which temperatures catalase performs the best in. Reactions with a high height will represent catalase quickly and efficiently breaking down the hydrogen peroxide, and reactions with a low height will represent catalase slowly and inefficiently breaking down the hydrogen peroxide. This lab will serve as a model for the role of enzymes in the human body, and will outline the importance of enzymes for the human body. Investigation Variables Independent Variables The independent variable is the temperature of the liver, and it will be measured in ? C. The different temperatures used will be 0? C, 7? C, 21? C, 37? C, and 90? C. Dependent Variables The dependent variable is the height of the reaction, and the bubbles of gas produced will be measured in millimetres (mm). 1. 2 Controlling Variables Control Variables Table 1: Control variables and their treatments Variable | Effect | Control | Size of liver | Could increase or decrease the height of the reaction. A larger piece of liver means more catalase, which could break down the H2O2 at a more efficient rate than smaller pieces of liver. | Cut every piece of liver the same size by weighing each piece on an electric beam balance. Each piece of liver is approximately 1. 4g. pH | pH has an effect on enzymes and each enzyme has an optimal pH. By making the liver more acidic, basic, or neutral the height of the reaction could increase or decrease as it deviates from its optimal pH. | Do not change the pH of any of the solutions. This lab is only investigating the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, not the effect of pH on enzyme activity, so nothing should be added to the li ver that would increase or decrease the pH. | Time | If some pieces of liver are kept in their specific temperatures longer than others, the height of the reaction could be greatly affected. By keeping the liver in its temperature for a shorter period of time, the liver itself has less time to change temperature which could greatly alter the results. | Keep all of the pieces of liver in their specified temperatures for five minutes. | Size of test tube| Different sized test tubes will hold different volumes of O2 and will give incorrect measurements with the ruler| Keep all the test tubes the same size – with volume of 30cm3| Uncontrolled Variables The variables that will be difficult to control include air pressure in the lab and the volume of the liver. Measures will be taken to reduce the effect of these on the experiment by keeping air conditioning at 21? C and cutting the liver close to the same shape and size. Control Experiment The control experiment for this investigation will be the experimental setup at 0? C. All the steps in the method will be followed at this temperature. At 0? C the experiment should not proceed as the energy needed for enzyme action is unavailable. 1. 3 Experimental Method Materials and Equipment 10 Test Tubes 1 Package of Beef Liver 2 250mL Beakers 2 Test Tube Racks 1Forceps Hot Plate 1LIce 1 Plastic Bin 20 mlHydrogen Peroxide 1 100 mL Beaker 1 10mL Graduated Cylinder 5 Thermometers 1 Sharpie 1 Electronic Beam Balance 1 Knife Method 1. Prepare an ice bath by placing ice into a container, and place a thermometer into the ice bath. Wait until the temperature has reached 0? C. 2. Prepare two more water baths like this at 7? C and 21? C. (You can replace these two temperatures with that of the fridge and ro om) 3. Prepare a hot water bath by placing a 250mL beaker filled with water on a hot plate, and place a thermometer into the water. Wait until the temperature has reached 90? C. You can use and electric water bath if one is available. 4. Prepare a warm water bath by placing a 250mL beaker filled with water on a hot plate, and place a thermometer into the water. Wait until the temperature has reached 37? C. You can use and electric water bath if one is available. 5. Obtain beef liver and cut the liver into 10 slices which are approximately the same size. Weigh each slice on an electronic beam balance to ensure they are the same weight. 6. Obtain 10 test tubes and place them into a test tube rack. Label 5 test tubes with a number from 1-5, and repeat for the remaining five test tubes. 7. Obtain 15mL of hydrogen peroxide and a graduated cylinder. 8. With forceps, place a piece of liver into each of the test tubes. 9. After the liver has been placed in the test tubes labelled 3, place a thermometer into the test tube rack and wait for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, pour 2mL of hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute with a Sharpie. (This is the experiment at room temperature. If you have prepared a water bath at 21? C then use it instead). 10. Remove both of the test tubes labelled 1 from the test tube rack, place them in the ice bath, and wait for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, remove the test tubes from the ice bath, add 2mL of hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute. 11. Remove both of the test tubes labelled 2 from the test tube rack, place them in a different test tube rack and place this rack into the fridge. Place a thermometer into the fridge as well. Wait for 5 minutes, and then read the temperature of the fridge and remove the test tubes. Pour 2mL of hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute. (If you have prepared a water bath at 7? C then use it instead). 12. Remove both of the test tubes labelled 4 from the test tube rack, place them in the warm water bath (37? C), and wait for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, remove the test tubes from the warm water bath, add 2mL of hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute. 3. Remove both of the test tubes labelled 5 from the test tube rack, place them in the hot water bath (90? C), and wait for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, remove the test tubes from the hot water bath, add 2mL of hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute. 14. With a ruler, measure from the bottom of the test tube to the mark which labels the maximum height of the reaction after 1 minute. Repeat this for all 10 test tubes, and record the measurements in your data table. 15. Pour the liver from each test tube into a waste beaker, clean each of the test tubes out, and put all materials away. 16. Combine the data that your own group obtained with the data from two other groups. This will allow for six trials worth of data, and once you obtain this sufficient amount of data, calculate the average height of the reaction for each of the five temperatures over the six trials, and then calculate the standard deviation for each of the five temperatures over the six trials as well. Variable | Unit of Precision | Error/Uncertainty | Temperature | ? C | +/- 0. 5? C | Height | mm | +/- 0. 5mm | In the procedure, the maximum height of the reaction will be determined by marking the position of the tallest bubble that results from the reaction. Practical Safety and Risk Assessment All care will be taken when dealing with hot plate and hot water to prevent burning and scalding. The knife and glassware will be used carefully and hand gloves will be worn when handling hydrogen peroxide. Note the following hazards with hydrogen peroxide: Contact with eyes can cause serious long term damage. The solution is corrosive and can cause skin burns. For eye contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water. For skin contact, wash off with plenty of water. Setup Diagram Liver | 2 ml of Hydrogen peroxide | Liver | 2 ml of Hydrogen peroxide | 2 Data collection and processing 2. 1 Recording Raw Data Sufficiency of Data This lab will be investigating the effect of temperature on the activity of the enzyme catalase. In this lab, five different temperatures will be investigated (0? C, 7? C, 21? C, 37? C, 90? C). Each temperature will have six trials, and this will ensure the reliability of the data. With the sufficient data, the standard deviation and mean will be calculated for each temperature. The rate of reaction at the different temperatures will also be calculated. Results – Raw Data Table 2: height of reaction of hydrogen peroxide on liquid beef liver in different temperatures | Height of Reaction ( ±0. 5mm)| Temperature ( ±0. 5C °) | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Trial 4| Trial 5| Trial 6| 0. 0| 115. 0| 123. 0| 134. 0| 132. 0| 102. 0| 108. 0| 7. | 125. 0| 134. 0| 128. 0| 118. 0| 96. 0| 90. 0| 21. 0| 127. 0| 124. 0| 134. 0| 129. 0| 110. 0| 114. 0| 37. 0| 147. 0| 139. 0| 149. 0| 137. 0| 128. 0| 106. 0| 90. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| Note: The highlighted data is the data obtained by me. The rest of the data has been collected from Brendon Song and Skye Rodgers. Qualitative Observations: In this photo, both test tubes were put into the freezer and kept at a tempera ture of 0 degrees. 2mL of hydrogen peroxide were added into the liquid beef liver and the bubbles were formed. However, it is evident that there is a significant height difference between the two trials and the test tube on the right has a large gap at the bottom. Also, the left test tube’s bubbles seem to be much more concentrated than the right tube, this could cause inaccuracy in the data due to the gap increased the height of reaction but the amount of bubbles produced wasn’t actually significantly higher. This test tube was placed in 90 degrees hot water for five minutes, and the colour of the liquid beef liver has changed from a dark pink colour to a brownish colour as shown in the picture. This can possibly suggest that the catalase in beef liver was denatured in the high temperature which resulted in no reaction at all when hydrogen peroxide was added in. 2. 2 Processing Data Statistical Processing Calculations Table 3: Statistical Processing – The following sample calculations will be done for the raw data Statistical Analysis| Formulae| Meaning of Symbols| Sample Calculation| Mean| | The mean or averagesum of sample measurements number of samples | = 115+113+134+132+102+108 6 ? 17. 3| Standard Deviation| | S = standard deviationx = each individual valueX = mean of all measurements= deviation from mean = degrees of freedom| Calculated in Microsoft Excel| | Height of Reaction ( ±0. 5mm)| | Temperature( ±0. 5 °C) | Trial 1 | Trial 2 | Trial 3 | Trial 4 | Trial 5 | Trial 6 | Average Height of Reaction | Standard Deviation (mm +/- 0. 5mm) | 0. 0| 115. 0| 113. 0| 134. 0| 132. 0| 102. 0| 108. 0| 117. 3| 12. 9| 7. 0| 125. 0| 134. 0| 128. 0| 118. 0| 96. 0| 90. 0| 115. 1| 18. 0| 21. 0| 127. 0| 124. | 134. 0| 129. 0| 110. 0| 114. 0| 123. 0| 9. 2| 37. 0| 147. 0| 139. 0| 149. 0| 137. 0| 128. 0| 106. 0| 134. 3| 15. 8| 90. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| Table 4: Average height of reaction and standard deviation of hydrogen peroxide on liquid beef liver in different temperatures 2. 3 Presenting Processed Data Results Table Graph 1: Temperature vs. average height of reaction 3 Conclusion and Evaluation 3. 1 Conclusion Conclusion Statement The results obtained from this lab support my hypothesis. My hypothesis was: If liver is placed in different temperatures of 0? C, 7? C, 21? C, 37? C, and 90? C and hydrogen peroxide is added to each piece of liver, then the liver placed in 37? C will have the largest reaction height. The liver in 90? C will have the smallest reaction height, followed by the liver in 0? C, then 7? C, and then 21? C. By viewing the average height of the reaction, these results are supported. The liver placed in 37 °C had an average reaction height of 134. 3mm, 0? C has a height of 117. 3mm, 7? C has a height of 115. mm, 21? C has a height of 123. 0mm and 90? Chas a height of 0. 0mm. This data coincides with the predictions stated in the hypothesis, where I stated â€Å"The liver in 90? C will have the smallest reaction height. † By observing the constructed graph in Introduction, it is clear that the average height of the reaction initially increased as the temperature increased, but when temperatures increased past optimum (37 °C), the rate of re action starts decreasing until the temperature reaches to 90 °C and the reaction completely stopped. Graph 1 constructed from the obtained data shows that rate of reaction continuously to rise to 37 degrees and starts dropping until 90 degrees. These results outline the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, and it is apparent that changes in temperature do have an effect on the enzyme catalase. Conclusion Explanation The results obtained give increased insight into the role of enzymes in the human body. The beef liver closely modelled the human liver, and it is clear that catalase works best at an optimum temperature of 37 degrees. This is important because humans maintain a stable body temperature of 36 to 37 degrees, and with the aid of enzymes this temperature provides enough activation energy for metabolic reactions, in this case the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen gas and liquid water. The liquid liver catalase didn’t react well in 100 degrees temperature because the high temperature that the liver was exposed to cause the protein enzyme to become denatured resulting in a loss of 3-D structure and hence stop enzyme activity when hydrogen peroxide it added in. 3. 2 Evaluation Procedures: Reliability While the results obtained from this lab clearly support my hypothesis, the examination of the calculated standard deviation for each temperature is 12. 9mm, 18. 0mm, 9. 2mm, 15. 8mm and 0. 0mm. This range in standard deviation is due to errors that may have occurred throughout the lab. The liver placed in 0? C had a standard deviation of 12. 9mm, the liver placed in 12. 9mm for 0 degrees, 18. 0mm for 7 degrees. 9. 2mm for 21 degrees, 15. 8mm for 37 degree and 0. 0mm for 90 degrees. The larger the standard deviation, the less reliable the data is. The error bars are the graphical representation of the variability of data it either shows range of data or standard deviation. The smaller the errors bars are the more reliable the data is. Errors bars can vary greatly depending on the number of trials in an experiment, the more trials means higher accuracy hence smaller error bars. Errors/Limitations in Experimental procedure The first limitation in this experiment was that the temperature wasn’t very accurate and stable throughout the conduct of this lab due to the fridge and freezer’s door was frequently opened by other students who were doing the same experiment. The second limitation is that the temperature could not be kept at the same degree, the temperature will rise once the test tubes are taken out of the freezer/fridge this can cause some inaccuracy when recording the data. Another limitation which may cause the unreliability of the data is that the hydrogen peroxide acid couldn’t be added to the test tubes at the same time, this could cause a small temperature difference between the two trials which may result in slightly different height of reaction. The forth limitation in this lab is the measurement of the height of reaction weren’t recorded at the exact same time due to it takes time to measure each sample’s reaction height so some bubbles may evaporate during this process and therefore decrease the height of reaction. The last limitation is that the measurement of the amount of hydrogen peroxide added into the liquid liver couldn’t be measured at exactly 2mL because of human errors when using measuring cylinder to obtain the acid, this can result in slight differences between each trial. Significance The five limitations stated above were mainly temperature errors and measuring errors. All these limitations have a certain effect the accuracy of the data; however, the uncertainties of each limitation were very small to have significant effect on the final result. The temperature difference for the first limitation stated above could be as small as 1 degree which won’t make any large difference for the data. The measuring limitations also nly have a small effect on overall result because six trials’ of height of reaction for each temperature was recorded so the measuring inaccuracy can be ignored. Overall, the uncertainties for this experiment are fairly low therefore the results obtained are quite reliable for school study purpose. 3. 3 Improving the Investigations Suggestions for Improvements For the first limitation stated above, the inaccuracy was caused by frequently opening the fridge’s doors so the temperature can’t stay at same which resulted in some differences when recording the data. This limitation could be avoided if all the students place their test tubes in the fridge at the same time and leave the fridge closed for a full five minutes before opening again. By doing this, the temperature of the liquid liver catalase can be assured to be at the designated degrees after 5 minutes and the data collected will be more accurate. The second limitation can be avoided only if the hydrogen peroxide acid was added in right after the samples get taken out from the fridge. This can make sure the temperature is remained at the same degrees when the solute is added in hence the data will be a bit more accurate. However, this improvement is hard to carry out because it takes some time to walk back to the working station and add in the hydrogen peroxide, during this process, the temperature may increase due to room temperature is higher. The third limitation could possibly be avoided if two measuring cylinders were available for each student to use and the conductor of this lab use both hands to put the hydrogen peroxide acid in at the exact same time. The results’ accuracy will improve by doing this but it won’t make any big difference in the final result. The forth limitation can be avoided if another student helps to measure the second test tube while the conductor of this experiment measure another one at the same time so that the maximum height of reaction is accurately recorded without any delay. The last limitation can be avoided using a pipette when obtaining the hydrogen peroxide acid, the uncertainty will be greatly reduced by doing this and thereby making the results more reliable. Appendix References Damon, Alan, Randy McGonegal, Patricia Tosto, and William Ward. Pearson Baccalaureate: Standard Level Biology for the IB Diploma (Pearson International Baccalaureate Diploma: International Editions). n/a: Imprint Unknown, 2008. Print. â€Å"Effect of Catalase on Hydrogen Peroxide. † http://www. sciencegeek. net/Biology/biopdfs/Lab_Catalase. pdf. (25 Jan. 2013). Journal Name: Jerry Li Research Journal Project title: Investigation of a Factor Affecting Enzyme Action Total hours research: 2 hours Date| Research/Activity/Action/Outcome| Time Used| 1/02/2013| Task sheet and instructions were given in class today | 30 mins| 09/02/2013| Researched factors that affect enzyme activities and wrote down some important notes for the experiment| 90 mins| 13/02/2013| The experiment was done in class today, raw data were collected and put into the raw data table| 60 mins| 18/02/2013| Data from other students were collected and put into the table of raw data| 30 mins| 25/02/2013| C ompleted writing Part 2 (Data collecting and Processing) of the IA| 90 mins| 02/03/2013| Full lab report completed and fixed up a few errors| 120 mins |